A comparative study to evaluate the effects of antibiotics, plant extracts and fluoride-based toothpaste on the oral pathogens isolated from patients with gum diseases in Pakistan

Abstract Oral diseases caused by various microorganisms are common around the world. Scientific research has now been focusing on novel medicines to overcome bacterial resistance and antibiotics side effects; therefore, current study was designed assess efficacy of certain antibiotics, toothpaste, medicinal plant extracts (Ajuga bracteosa Curcuma longa) versus pathogens isolated from human oral cavity. A total 130 samples were collected Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan, among those 27 species isolated, eight identified samples. Among all species, Staphylococcus aureus (29.62%) Proteus mirabilis (22.2%) found be more prevalent pathogens. In comparison, least pervasive microbes vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli Aeromonas hydrophila. The also suggested that dental problems in males (41-50 years age) than females. used study, most promising results shown Foxicillin against A. survey TP1 revealed it showed potent antagonist activity vulgaris as compared TP2 TP3 might due high content fluoride. longa significant Ajuga (Stem, leaves root) extracts. data obtained through this effective for toothpaste which moderate low activity, respectively. Therefore, is active compounds individual plants like could replace when daily routine tooth cleansers or mouth rinses.